Dog breeds are incredibly diverse, from the smallest breeds that can fit in a woman's handbag to giant dogs that weigh more than 100 kilograms and reach a length of more than two meters.
In this article we will talk about the most popular dog breeds of various sizes. And so we will provide a complete list of all dog breeds.
A dog is man's best friend among animals. She gives her owner a lot of positive emotions, always there in both sorrow and joy. Today there are a huge number of dog breeds, so you can always find a friend to your liking.
Small dogs
Basenji
Height: 40-43 cm.
Weight: 10-11 kg.
Region of Origin: Central Africa
The Basenji is one of the oldest breeds, which appeared more than 5,000 years ago in Africa. In those distant times, these dogs were given to the pharaohs as a talisman against evil forces. The burials of the mummies of these dogs have been found by modern archaeologists.
The peculiarity of this breed is that dogs cannot bark, and when excited they only make rumbling noises. Basenjis do not smell like dogs and can wash themselves with their paws, like cats. They are distinguished by good health, fearlessness and great self-confidence.
The Basenji has excellent hunting qualities. In addition, today it is considered very fashionable to take them as companions. They are wonderful friends, very smart, affectionate and extremely impressive looking.
Yorkshire Terrier
Height: 18-20 cm.
Weight: about 3 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
The Yorkshire Terrier is a toy breed developed in England at the end of the 19th century. Previously, English peasants were prohibited from having large dogs due to mass poaching, so they bred tiny pets for themselves.
A hundred years ago, these cute dogs were workers: they lived in coal mines, where they caught huge rats. Today, the Yorkie is considered the most popular breed of small dogs and is the dream of any fashionista.
Yorkies are brave and hard-working, they are very friendly towards people, very active and playful, devoted to their owner. They constantly need attention, so all day long they either sit in the arms of their mistress or follow her around.
Chinese Crested Dog
Height: 23-33 cm.
Weight: up to 5 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
The Chinese Crested Dog is an elegant toy dog that is very attached to its owner. They may have no body hair at all, or the cover may be in the form of soft fluff. These dogs don't smell like dogs. Their homeland is China or Mexico.
By the middle of the 19th century, this breed was considered almost extinct. However, a few individuals were introduced to the UK, where their population was rescued and restored. Today it is spread all over the world.
The Chinese Crested Dog is born to be loved. And not only for its exotic appearance. These are very kind and cheerful animals that can become true friends for adults and children.
Italian Greyhound
Height: 32-38 cm.
Weight: up to 5 kg.
Country of origin: Italy
The Italian Greyhound is the smallest greyhound in the world. The ancestors of these dogs lived in Ancient Egypt and were common among the nobility in Ancient Greece and Rome. And they were most popular in Italy during the Renaissance.
The Italian greyhound standard was created in the 30s of the last century. Today he is an excellent companion dog with a friendly character who loves to play. But remember that this is a very refined and fragile dog.
Maltese
Height: 20-25 cm.
Weight: 3-4 kg.
Region of Origin: Mediterranean
The Maltese is a small decorative dog. This breed is considered ancient, originating on the island of Malta. She is famous for her long, pure white coat that flows like a robe and her large, bulging eyes.
These lap dogs are used as companions. They are very playful and are always happy to run and chase with their owners. They also love physical activity and various exercises.
These are very good-natured dogs that treat their owners and their children with tenderness. But they don’t like strangers. Maltese dogs often have bone problems and eye diseases.
Pug
Height: 28-32 cm.
Weight: 6-8 kg.
Country of Origin: China
The pug is a very ancient breed, mentioned in ancient Chinese chronicles. In those days, the wrinkles on the forehead of this dog were called the “imperial hieroglyph.” In the 16th century, pugs came to France, and then spread throughout Europe.
The pug is a decorative dog breed that was kept by the Chinese nobility in their palaces and estates for centuries. Thanks to its cheerful and non-aggressive character, the pug quickly won the hearts of its owners and became a favorite in the family.
Pekingese
Height: 15-25 cm.
Weight: about 5 kg.
Country of Origin: China
Pekingese is an ancient decorative breed. They were bred over 2,000 years ago and lived in the palace of Chinese emperors, considered a sacred dog. They were inaccessible to ordinary Chinese. Anyone who saw a Pekingese faced the inevitable death penalty.
Pekingese have a mane like a lion, so the Chinese considered them small guards. According to legend, one day a lion fell in love with a monkey and married her. As a result of their marriage, small Pekingese dogs were born.
This dog never forgets its imperial origins and always demonstrates it with its proud gait. In fact, she is strong and fearless. If you don't pay attention to the Pekingese for a long time, he will cause a scandal.
French Bulldog
Height: 24-35 cm.
Weight: 8-14 kg.
Country of origin: France
The French Bulldog is a small fighting dog breed. Despite his small stature, he is a very strong and muscular dog, capable of standing up not only for himself, but also for his owner.
This bulldog is a very sociable and cheerful dog, a wonderful companion with a stable psyche. He loves to welcome guests in the house, but if danger arises, he will immediately show aggression and come to the defense of the whole family.
The French bulldog is a smaller copy of its English counterpart. In fact, he was bred in Great Britain and then immigrated to France, where he became a favorite of the local elite. Today this bulldog is distributed throughout the world.
Chihuahua
Weight: 0.5-3 kg.
Height: 15-23 cm.
Country of Origin: Mexico
The Chihuahua is a dwarf dog breed of microscopic size. Experts believe that hundreds of years ago they lived in the wild, and were then domesticated by the local Indian civilization.
This breed of dog is a wonderful companion, fits in the hand and has a mischievous and cheerful character. He has good health and high intelligence, and an easygoing disposition. There are types of these dogs with short and long fur.
They are very active and curious, and have a bold, lively character. They never show anger, aggression or cowardice. Despite their small size, Chihuahuas are tireless and very hardy.
Japanese Chin
Height: about 25 cm.
Weight: 1.5-3.5 kg.
Country of Origin: Japan
The Japanese Chin is a decorative breed of dog; they used to live in the imperial palace and entertain the emperor and his entourage. Only the nobility could own chins. And today these dogs are used as companions.
It is believed that Chins are the ancestors of the Pekingese, brought to Japan by Tibetan monks. For many centuries this country was closed from the world, and when it opened in the 19th century, Japanese chins began to spread throughout the world.
These are very smart, temperamental and brave dogs. They are good friends, unobtrusive and clean, very delicate and aristocratic, and rarely bark. Japanese Chins create a positive atmosphere in the family and home.
Full list of small dog breeds:
Small dog breeds
Basenji Beagle Bichon Frize Boston Terrier French Bull Terrier Miniature Welsh Corgi Pembroke Welsh Corgi Cardigan Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Cairn TerrierCocker Spaniel American Cocker Spaniel English Norwich Terrier Miniature Poodle Scottish Terrier Dachshund Smooth Fox Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Miniature Schnauzer Sheltie Jag dterrierDogs starting with the letter V-I: name of the breed, character description, photo
- Weimaraner. These dogs, as a rule, when they get into the house, immediately choose their owner and love this person most of all. Dogs are very active, inquisitive and intelligent. It is important for them to have a lot of space, so they are definitely not suitable for keeping in an apartment. Weimaraners need to be socialized and trained from childhood, otherwise the animal will grow up to be a real bully. Disadvantages include excessive and sometimes causeless barking.
Weimaraner
- Pembroke Welsh Corgi. This breed of dog is a herding dog, so from childhood the puppies try to control everything that moves and walks, including people. In this regard, such dogs must be trained and trained. In general, the Welsh Corgi has a very gentle character; these pets love their owners and are good with children.
Shepherd breed
- Welsh Terrier. Dogs of this breed are distinguished by their curiosity and playfulness. It is very difficult for them to sit still; they get along quite easily with older children. It is important to understand that these dogs need daily physical activity, otherwise they may become mischievous from idleness. The Welsh Terrier is a faithful and devoted companion.
Loyal breed
- West Highland White Terrier. These cute pets very quickly become attached to the house and their owners, but do not get along well with small children. Dogs are smart, playful, but jealous, so it is often difficult for them to get along with other pets. It must also be said that dogs of this breed are very active, so it is not recommended to have such an animal for couch potatoes.
Cute dog
- Doberman. Such pets are excellent as watchdogs. Dobermans are strong, intelligent and fearless dogs; if necessary, they will always protect themselves, their owners and their property. It is important to note that dogs of this breed need professional training, otherwise they can become aggressive and uncontrollable. Dobermans do not like small children and other animals very much, but having been with them since childhood, they can calmly relate to them.
Doberman
- Jack Russell Terrier. These dogs are true human friends and, of course, companions. Pets of this breed are incredibly inquisitive, active and funny; they get along easily with people, but do not really like small animals. When getting such a dog, you need to understand that without proper attention and constant physical activity, it can cause a lot of problems - barking, digging, destroying shoes, furniture, etc.
Great friend
- Drathaar . Drathaars are excellent hunters, protectors and watchmen. These dogs are extremely intelligent and obedient, but only if they are trained and trained from childhood. Dogs of this breed are extremely difficult to train, so such pets are only suitable for experienced owners. Draathars are quite characteristic dogs, but they show their character extremely rarely - alone, when they are bored, when they are jealous of their owner for another animal. In general, these dogs are very loyal and loyal to their family.
Hunter
- Golden retriever. A dog-friend, a dog-nanny - this is how you can characterize these pets. The Golden Retriever is not suitable for guarding and protection because it does not have the necessary qualities for such activities. But being a devoted comrade is easy. The Golden Retriever loves children, treats them extremely tenderly and is patient with all their antics.
golden rock
- Irish Terrier . These graceful dogs have a unique character. They are very devoted to their family, smart and determined. At the same time, sometimes Irish Terriers can indulge in thoughtless pranks. This breed is excellent for guarding and protection. Due to the fact that such terriers have a very developed hunting instinct, they cannot be kept in a house with smaller animals.
Terrier
- Irish Setter. This dog breed can be called a family dog. Dogs are completely calm, love people, animals and everything that surrounds them. Such pets are very sociable and cannot stand loneliness, so when you get such a dog you need to be prepared to be with it all the time. It must also be said that the Irish Setter needs constant physical activity, so it cannot be kept in an apartment.
Setter
- Irish Wolfhound. Despite their scary name, these dogs are among the calmest and most harmless. They treat children and other animals well and get along well with them. It is not worth getting such a dog as a protector and watchman, since Irish wolfhounds do not have the necessary qualities; they are kind and flexible.
Irish Wolfhound
- Italian greyhound. These dogs are very well behaved by nature and do not require any special training or training. Dogs do not show aggression at all, except when there is some kind of threat to them. Italian Greyhounds love peace and stability, love tenderness and affection.
Intelligent dog
- Yorkshire Terrier. This breed has found its fans all over the world. Yorkshire Terriers are born funny people and loyal companions. They love fun and games, cannot sit in one place for a long time and cannot stand separation from their owners. The disadvantages of such dogs are that they are harmful; they often damage shoes and furniture, they can bark loudly and for no reason and make a mess in the house.
Yorick
Medium dogs
English bulldog
Height: 50-55 cm.
Weight: about 25 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
The English Bulldog is an ancient breed of dog, they are considered to be human bodyguards and companions. The modern standard was established in the mid-19th century. Today the English bulldog is the national symbol of Great Britain.
This dog, according to the British, has all the traits of a true gentleman. She is phlegmatic, aristocratic, respectable. The downside of the breed is that in the process of its formation, it turned from a real fighting dog into a decorative one.
The first mention of bulldogs appeared in English literature in the 17th century. They were then called both bull and bear dogs. Initially they were used in bull baiting, later bulldogs began to be used for hunting wild boars.
Boxer
Height: 53-63 cm.
Weight: from 30 kg.
Country of origin: Germany
The Boxer is a descendant of the English Bulldog and Mastiff, bred in Germany. For the first time, images of similar dogs appeared in the paintings of German painters back in the 17th century. And the modern boxer arose in the middle of the 19th century in Munich.
The Boxer turned out to be a non-aggressive and controllable dog. He is very loyal to his owner and loves small children. The Boxer is a wonderful companion, loves to play, walk, and is easy to train.
This breed is often used as service dogs for police work. They are excellent watchmen and bodyguards. The dogs have high intelligence and a balanced character, so they often work as guide dogs.
Bull Terrier
Height: 53-56 cm.
Weight: 23-32 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
This is one of the varieties of terriers, bred in the mid-19th century. This is a descendant of crossing an English bulldog, a Dalmatian and a white terrier. As a result, the Bull Terrier combines the best features of these breeds.
This dog is very active, strong, resilient and has high intelligence. Today in Great Britain it is a high taste to own a Bull Terrier. The dog has a freedom-loving and cheerful character. Requires training.
Dalmatian
Height: 54-62 cm.
Weight: 24-32 kg.
Country of origin: Croatia
Similar breeds have been known since ancient times. Archaeologists have found ancient Greek images of such dogs. This means that the breed is old and appeared several thousand years ago.
The Dalmatian has a balanced character and a proportional body. This is a very strong and active dog, requiring significant physical activity and long walks, and loves to run long distances.
The dog has short and coarse hair that sheds annually. After molting, the color may change. All over the body there are black or brown spots on a white background. A nuance: the Dalmatian does not smell like a dog.
Longhaired Collie
Height: 51-61 cm.
Weight: 20-35 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
This breed of dog appeared in the 17th century. Collie is a shepherd dog that was used by shepherds to search for and protect sheep. The breed does not have a single standard. Thus, in the USSR, long-haired collies were up to 10 cm higher at the withers. They are higher in the USA too.
Collie is a very peaceful and good-natured breed, it is very trainable. Always unquestioningly obeys the owner. The Collie requires significant exercise and plenty of space and cannot be kept on a chain.
The dog has a stable psyche and a calm character. She is very sociable and sociable, a good companion, loves children. She is often used as a nanny for children.
Breed Features
The main features of the breed are the common origin of the animals and their similarity, the number of livestock, habitat, and useful economic properties. An important feature is constancy and variability[1].
The breed must consist of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within specified parameters without the need for close inbreeding. The breed contains several bloodlines, which can be crossed to maintain the breed as a whole, but without weakening the gene pool. It is believed that a breed should contain several thousand purebred animals and a sufficient number of outstanding representatives. The new breed should consist of 10-15 lines, have about 4.5 thousand queens and 150 sires[1].
Animal breeds vary widely from country to country and from nation to nation. A breed that originates from a particular country is known as the "native breed" of that country.
Labrador
Height: 54-57 cm.
Weight: 27-40 kg.
Country of Origin: Canada
The Labrador was originally bred as a hunting dog, but today is used as a companion dog. The history of the breed begins in the 19th century. At first only black Labrador retrievers were recognized, later fawn and chocolate colors were recognized.
The Labrador has a strong build and a wide chest. This is a strong and hard-working dog with a gentle character who loves long walks and great physical activity. Adapts well to the given circumstances.
Labrador is an excellent hunter, has excellent scent and good intelligence. He loves to swim and bathe. If you are looking for a true friend, then the Labrador is the ideal choice: a kind, loyal, obedient and affectionate dog.
German Shepherd
Height: 55-65 cm.
Weight: 20-40 kg.
Country of origin: Germany
The German Shepherd was bred for herding purposes. Today it is used to guard people or property, and as a companion or family dog. Often serves in the police and army.
The breed originated at the end of the 19th century and was originally off-white in color. Further, the improvement of the German Shepherd in Germany acquired a national scale until a breed standard was developed.
The German Shepherd has excellent physical endurance and mental balance. She is very smart, agile and easy to train. The German Shepherd easily changes owners and faithfully serves the new one.
Siberian Husky
Height: 50-60 cm.
Weight: 15-28 kg.
Country of Origin: USA
The breed originated from aboriginal dogs of the Russian Far East. This is a sled dog, descended from the most ancient breeds of the Neolithic times. Today it is widely used as a companion and as a show dog.
Sled dog breeding in the Far East received a new impetus for development in the 17th century after the Russians arrived there. Large sledges appeared, which required many dogs. Huskies must still run in harness today.
Siberian Huskies have thick fur, a pointed muzzle with large erect ears, and a bushy “fox” tail. Dogs have great intelligence and endurance. They are very friendly by nature and distinguished by their external beauty.
Shar Pei
Height: 44-51 cm.
Weight: 18-35 kg.
Country of Origin: China
This is an ancient breed, originally used in China as fighting dogs. Currently, the Shar Pei copes well with guard and hunting functions.
The dog has a sandy color, many folds of skin on the neck and body, as well as a bluish-black tongue. She has a strong build, small ears and a muzzle like a hippopotamus. With this type of breed, it is difficult to confuse the Shar Pei with any other breed.
Shar Pei is at least 3 thousand years old, the history of its appearance is little known. In the middle of the 20th century, these dogs almost became extinct, but were saved by American breeders. Today they are popular and distributed throughout the world.
Airedale
Height: about 60 cm.
Weight: 18-29 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
This dog breed has a wonderful, cheerful character. The Airedale Terrier is always in a good mood, has intelligence and fearlessness. He never shows aggression towards people, but can be stubborn.
This breed was developed in the mid-19th century. It was originally used for hunting. Later, sports competitions involving Airedale Terriers became popular. They have excellent sense of smell and are able to run fast. Dogs are also good as guards.
Full list of medium dog breeds:
Labrador Retriever
According to surveys, the Labrador Retriever is considered the kindest breed. But a lot depends on training. However, they are genetically endowed with friendliness and a willingness to help. Many representatives of the breed are trained as guide dogs.
Labradors subtly sense the mood of their owners. Originally cultivated as a hunting dog, the Labrador's ability to take a bird into its mouth without harming or crushing it is especially valued. After the need for hunting has subsided, the Labrador's main function is as a companion.
Big dogs
Alabai
Height: 65-70 cm.
Weight: from 50 to 80 kg.
Region of Origin: Central Asia
Alabai is the oldest breed of dog, bred naturally by shepherds in Central Asia for herding sheep. It is also widely used to protect people and property. The correct name of the breed is Central Asian Shepherd.
The formation of this breed took place over 4 thousand years. Alabai has the best qualities of the most ancient herding dogs and the famous fighting dogs of one of the birthplaces of mankind - Mesopotamia.
The constant struggle for life has strengthened the character of this amazing dog, made it strong and fearless, a true protector of man. Alabais still protect herds today and perform guard duty in the police and army.
Alaskan Malamute
Height: 58-63 cm.
Weight: 35-38 kg.
Country of Origin: USA
The Alaskan Malamute is one of the most ancient dog breeds, bred by the Eskimos. It is designed to work in harness. These dogs are a true symbol of Alaska. The Alaskan Malamute breed is divided into two types.
The first species is very similar in appearance to a large and strong gray wolf, from which Malamutes originated. The second type is smaller in size and can be black and white, white or blue in color. Both species have working qualities as a sled dog.
English Mastiff
Height: from 75 cm.
Weight: from 70 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
The Mastiff is an old, purely English breed of dog, bred in the 9th century, and is the largest European Great Dane. This dog is very strong and ferocious towards strangers. It has been used for hundreds of years in large game hunting and military service.
Experts believe that the English mastiff descended from a huge mastiff-like dog that lived in ancient times in Tibet, and then spread throughout the Ancient East. These dogs were later brought to Britain by the Celts and subjected to selective breeding.
Afghan Hound
Height: 63-74 cm.
Weight: 20-30 kg.
Country of Origin: UK
This long-haired greyhound is designed for hunting. It was brought to Britain by an English officer at the end of the 19th century. This is a very sociable dog that simply adores people, especially children, but it is extremely difficult to train.
Afghan Hounds are an ancient breed. It is believed that the biblical Noah took a couple of these dogs with him on the ark. Greyhounds have lived in the East for several millennia. Experts believe that they came to Afghanistan from Persia, where they grew long wool in the mountains.
Bloodhound
Height: 62-70 cm.
Weight: 40-55 kg.
Country of origin: Belgium
Bloodhounds , as a hound breed, were developed in Belgium in the 13th century by a priest's family. These dogs became famous for being widely used for official purposes by the police. They effectively search for and catch criminals.
Also, this breed was previously used to guard high-ranking persons, royal palaces, etc. The dogs have a beautiful short and smooth six, usually red with black tan.
Bloodhounds have a balanced character and very rarely show aggression. These are wonderful friends and companions, but today they are rarely used as guards, because... dogs have a very kind character.
Dogue de Bordeaux
Height: 58-68 cm.
Weight: 45-50 kg.
Country of origin: France
The Dogue de Bordeaux or Mastiff is a breed of dog developed several hundred years ago. For a long time it remained in the shadows, and gained real popularity and demand only in the 20th century.
This is a powerful, muscular and squat dog, whose body is covered with thick skin with many folds. The Great Dane's coat is short, it fits tightly to the body, and its color is all shades of red.
The Dogue de Bordeaux has a strong and calm character and is very attached to its owner. He should definitely be trained, and then you will get an intelligent, good-natured and courageous friend.
Doberman
Height: 68-72 cm.
Weight: 63-70 kg.
Country of origin: Germany
The Doberman is a dog breed that was developed in Germany at the end of the 19th century. The dogs have a powerful and muscular body, a very beautiful silhouette and a choleric temperament.
The Doberman is very friendly and peaceful, loves his owners, especially children. This breed combines the blood of shepherd dogs, pinschers, terriers, etc., and incorporates the best qualities of its parents.
Dobermans are widely used in law enforcement agencies; they have an excellent sense of smell and are able to find criminals, weapons, and drugs. These dogs have high intelligence and are easy to train.
Newfoundland
Height: 65-70 cm.
Weight: 55-70 cm.
Country of Origin: Canada
The Newfoundland is a famous dog breed that was previously used as a labor force. Dogs have thick, long black or brown fur and webbed toes.
Experts disagree about the origin of this breed, but they are sure that the blood of the Newfoundland definitely flows with the blood of the black wolf, which is extinct today. It is also believed that they have the blood of mastiffs, huskies, molossians, Pyrenean dogs, etc.
Previously, they were used as draft animals to transport significant loads. And the fishermen taught these dogs to pull nets with fish. They are very smart, so they are able to carry out more complex orders from people.
Russian greyhound
Height: 70-85 cm.
Weight: 25-45 kg.
Country of origin: Russia
This hunting breed is famous for its long, silky coat. The first mention of these dogs appeared in the 17th century, when they were called Circassian greyhounds and were widely used in hunting.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the blood of English and Crimean greyhounds was added to the breed, and at the end of the century the first descriptions of the standard appeared. In those days, every rich landowner in Russia was a breeder of Russian greyhounds and had his own standard.
These dogs have excellent eyesight and hearing, they are aggressive towards animals, and can develop significant speed when running short distances. In relation to humans, the Russian Greyhound is friendly, loyal, and has a phlegmatic character.
Saint Bernard
Height: 65-90 cm.
Weight: from 70 kg.
Country of origin: Switzerland and Italy
The Saint Bernard is an ancient dog breed whose origins are unknown, most often attributed to Asian or Roman mastiffs crossed with local Alpine dogs.
According to legend, the breed was developed in the 11th century by the monk Bernard, who founded a shelter high in the Alps. Centuries later, St. Bernards began to be used to rescue travelers caught in mountain avalanches.
Saint Bernards are very strong and large dogs, distinguished by their special devotion to people and very loving children. They still work in the mountains today, rescuing those caught in an avalanche, carrying loads and serving as companions for lovers of high mountains.
Full list of big dogs:
Notes[edit | edit code]
- ↑ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.. The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff PA. Springfield, MA USA: G&C Merriam Company. pp. 274. “A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visibly similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood"
- ↑ Donna L. Morden;
Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia. The joy of breeding your own show dog (undefined). - New York, NY: Howell Book House (English) Russian, 2004. - ISBN 0764573020. - ↑ Lynn Marmer.
The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?
(unavailable link). first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review
(1984). — “The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.” Retrieved October 4, 2008. Archived September 26, 2000. - ↑ Kalinin V. A., “Origin of dog breeds, history of dog breeds, breed formation, classification of dog breeds”
- ↑ Origin of mastiff dogs // Domestic breeds of service dogs / Comp. Kalinin V. A. - St. Petersburg: MP “Publisher”, 1992. - P. 15-16. — 288 p.
- ↑ "Dogs", Raymond and Lorna Coppinger, Chapter 3, Native Dogs, page 85, Scribner, 2001, Quote: "Native (natural) breeds can form locally without human intervention." — Dogs by Raymond Coppinger & Lorna Coppinger, Scribner 2001, ISBN 0684855305, Chapter 3, Natural Breeds, pg 85 quote: “Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction”
- ↑ Guide to Hereditary and Congenital Diseases in Dogs
- ↑ Genetic diversity is high in the Central Asian Shepherd Dog and North Caucasian Wolfhound and low in the Caucasian Shepherd Dog. (The genetic diversity is high in the Central Asian Shepherd Dog and the Northern Caucasian Volkodav (an native group of breeds) and low in the Caucasian Shepherd Dog).
